Blockchain technology is an advanced database that enables the open exchange of information within a business network. Content is stored in blocks linked together in a chain. To simplify, blockchain is a continuous chain of blocks of information that cannot be edited or deleted, only added to. Content can be stored simultaneously on multiple devices, eliminating even the slightest chance of irretrievable data loss. The platform is designed for simultaneous work by several users, their quantity can vary from hundreds to thousands! The main advantages of the technology are transparency, higher level of security, confidentiality, absence of intermediaries, fast execution of financial transactions, which is why the platform is actively used in business.

1) Finance
The tool helps you track all transactions in real time. The technology is secure and encrypted against cybercriminals, with no time limits or technical features on devices, and all software is compatible.
Cryptocurrency payments are faster than standard bank transfers.
Fast and secure transfers to other countries are also possible, with minimal fees and maximum transaction speed. The number of financial transactions within a single block is unlimited, and fees are charged in a few cents – such benefits motivate businesses to switch to e-currency and encourage customers to do so.
ALFAcoins, Cryptomus, CryptoCloud are popular services for using cryptocurrency in blockchain.

2) Real estate
It is also possible to use blockchain for real-time real estate sales. Property is also an asset that can be sold, rented or bought.
With the help of technology, it is possible to register property, exchange property between members, etc.
Previously, only the wealthy could sell a business or real estate, but now the circle has widened, because anyone can sell or rent part of their asset to investors. Smart contracts – contracts written in the form of a computer programme – are used to formalise the agreement.
The information in the chains can only be supplemented if all parties agree. Once a change is made in one block, the data is duplicated with the other participants. Transaction documents are verified by a team of notaries and are only considered legitimate after digital signatures of all parties.
Minimal transactions and a fixed cashback (not available for all transactions) and a high level of security are advantages of using blockchain. In addition, all transactions take place online – allowing for faster negotiation and the shortest possible time to complete the transaction. Participants in the trade can view the history of the contract at any time, because the cells cannot be deleted.

3) Intellectual property
Blockchain can be used to protect intellectual property. The NFT token, which is a unique object, is used for this purpose. A digital signature of the owner is needed to tokenise the token and the product cannot be copied or plagiarised in the future. For a paid subscription, third-party services can be used to escrow a product – for example, encrypting music or a song before it is premiered and distributed to the masses. However, even without the use of third-party platforms, blockchains are completely secure.
A specific registry has its own owner or group of people listed. A third party cannot make unauthorised access. If it is a company or trademark, the IP office uses a record of the first appearance of the brand, registration, product licensing or resale or other actions.
In addition, the ability to track the entire life cycle of a right can be useful for auditing intellectual property and help facilitate legal review in IT-related transactions, such as mergers and acquisitions. Confidentiality issues that may arise on the part of IP owners could be dealt with through a scheme involving the submission of explicit consent.
Of course, the first step is for the author to prove rights in order to avoid third parties infringing on their property. To do so, it is sufficient to upload a certificate or other document proving authorship to the first block.
Blockchain registries contain complete information in chains, including owners, licensees, consumers and customs authorities, in order to verify the authenticity of the product.

4) Healthcare
The technology is excellent for medical and healthcare applications as the platform ensures anonymity, data integrity and fast transfer of information between companies and enables the customer to track their medical history. The system protects and fully tracks medical data and clinical trials. This will reduce the likelihood of errors and cases of fraud. Furthermore, the software allows storage and traceability of the pharmaceutical supply chain, namely from manufacturer to supplier to sale. Systems in the supply chain will make it possible to trace the cause of delays or other problems (if any) and, of course, eliminate the risk of selling medicinal products with unproven efficacy or developing fraudulent schemes. In addition, all contracts and transactions between companies are formalised with digital signatures and smart contracts – this will protect the business and ensure great trust between insurers and other partners.

5) Logistics
The base cannot be tampered with. With blockchain, it is possible to trace goods in the supply chain from the producer to the consumer. At the same time, the necessary documentation can be attached to the cell: waybills, legal documents, etc.
A blockchain can be created in seconds, and the information in the chain is visible to all parties involved. The system has many advantages:
– saving time and money;
– inability to falsify data;
– fraud prevention;
– shorter workflows.

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A start-up is a temporary project that aims to find a new business model. It can turn a small company into a big one and achieve the goal within a short time frame. This article will give practical advice on how to set up your own startup.

Popular niches
In order for a startup to be successful, you need to choose the right niche; the most popular destinations are:
– Online gambling (casino online review sites https://onlinecasinozonder.nl/);
– software development;
– artificial intelligence;
– mobile applications.
All of them are in high demand and all of them can be successful if you approach things the right way.

Idea
A startup differs from classic projects in that it has an accelerated pace of development, opening locations in several regional subjects, and they can be scattered all over the country. Examples of start-ups show that if an idea shoots up, it guarantees a good income. The market is interested in innovation; the problem is that only a few succeed. It is impossible to implement any project, even the simplest one, without an idea. If it is not chosen correctly and does not meet the key requirements of the audience, there is no chance of success. Decide what you want to do and how much in demand it will be, and predict the profitability. Don’t copy other products, be aware of all trends, demonstrate expertise. Knowledge in several areas will be a huge advantage, allowing you to create something unique. Copying is in principle allowed, but only with improvements, this approach will allow you to outshine the original.

Team
The second step is to form a team. It is important to find reliable people who share your idea. It may be family members, friends. A team that has never been on the market before should work on the development of the startup.
The reason for failure is often ill-advised allocation of investment, a point that should also be worked out – a brainstorming session should be arranged.
The founders of the start-up must put their passion at the heart of the project. The advantages of this scheme include the fact that in the future it will allow you to enjoy the activity itself in addition to making a profit.
Startup ideas can be varied – demonstrate creativity and take an unconventional approach to running the company, thus making the project unique.

Market research
The third step is to begin market research. Think about who you will be competing with and who your customers are. Analyse the needs of your target audience and how you can meet them. Market research should not be neglected, otherwise the project will fail. It is important to be clear about the type of customers and develop products to suit them. Make sure that demand is confirmed and only then present the product to the audience. Market research will avoid many mistakes on the road to success.

Create a business plan
Once you have done your market research, start creating a business plan. It does not hurt to consult experts at this stage. A business plan includes a clearly defined objective, the choice of target audience and the definition of their characteristics and needs. At this stage, gather as much information as possible about the competitors, their activities, their offers and the promotion methods they use. A well-written business plan includes business models and the financial part. Work through it thoroughly to increase your chances of success.

Financing
The next step is to find sources of financing. Many projects go unimplemented due to lack of money. There are several funding options to consider. Start-up capital is minimal and you must be prepared that the project may not immediately attract investors.
Investigate the format of venture capital organisations that are set up to test, refine and commercialise risky ideas. They are formed on a contractual basis, with money from a few people – they can be individuals or legal entities.
Crowdfunding, a method of raising money for various ideas, should not be forgotten. Those who are willing to invest money or attract sponsors to make a profit from the funded idea.
To attract investment, it is important to provide a working business model with a detailed description. Demonstrate advantages over competitors. Show investors how much they can get from your project. Calculate in advance how much they will need and for what, removing any objections they may have.

Develop and test your product
Design your product or service with the needs and requirements of your target audience in mind. You can create a prototype of the product or technology. The key is to make sure it meets the needs of your potential customers. Based on the results of testing, the creators make adjustments to the chosen business model, if there is a need to do so, to level out any shortcomings. The practically finished product is subjected to a control trial. It is presented to a small circle of people in order to identify all the miscalculations of the creators. Feedback ensures that the product can be improved. Then it can be introduced to a wider audience and wait for their evaluation.

Launch your business
The launch of a business is one of the most responsible stages. At this stage, the project is promoted, promoted, and potential customers and clients are attracted. Some products turn out to be incomplete, so they do not attract the attention they deserve, which is why it is so important to analyse all the shortcomings. Many startup creators combine the incompatible, trying to tie together opposing areas. The chances of success are enhanced by international experience – when travelling, focus on successful start-ups by local entrepreneurs.

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The world is facing the task of all-round increase in the efficiency of scientific research, accelerated implementation of the achievements of science and technology in the economy, improving methods of planning and management of production, socio-economic processes.
In the light of this program task is extremely relevant is the development of the basis for the application of methods of cybernetic modeling and analogies, explanation of the modern view of the dialectical-materialistic essence of the methodology of system research and creation of automated control systems, in which the feedback is implemented through the human-mechanism. Nowadays, the “production” of technical, mathematical, cybernetic, sensory and epistemological models has become a mass phenomenon. It is difficult to name a field where specialists would not conduct scientific research by means of the integrated application of such models, and would not draw appropriate conclusions by analogy.

Methodological and ideological influence of informatization as a successor of cybernetics on scientific and technological progress is deeper and more comprehensive than the influence of physics on natural science and technology. The systemic, cybernetic approach is very effective in the study of such objects with a large number of unpredictably changing parameters, as energy complexes; especially when the task is to determine the hidden modes of a real process, inaccessible to direct perception or occurring under conditions of ultrahigh temperatures, high radioactivity, etc.

Cybernetic models often act as a mediating form of human information interaction with electronic information display and transmission systems. They help determine the most appropriate forms of interaction between man as a subject of cognition and the computer as a tool of mental labor. The operator in the conditions of modern production becomes a cognitive subject at the same time. In this regard, the question of enhancing his intelligence by means of cybernetics is increasingly coming to the fore.

This issue is also important in the optimal organization of scientific research. After all, the question of how to obtain the planned scientific result, and of what methods, means and resources to obtain the greatest commercial effect from it, is not only in the competence of specialists, but is also one of the tasks of philosophy and methodology of science, designed to help scientists identify in the arsenal of science, in its history unused heuristic opportunities, to help determine promising directions and methods, the strategy of science management.

Extensive development of modeling practice is now accompanied by intensive development of mathematical techniques on the logical side of the modeling process, deepening of similarity theory, formation of the theory of construction of cybernetic models, actualization and development of philosophical problems of cybernetics. In the course of scientific modeling dialectically combines elements of theoretical empirical levels of knowledge, systematic approach with the use of mathematical apparatus, heuristic methods of thinking with electronic systems of information processing and transmission. The task is to reveal this dialectic.

In the information age there are qualitative changes in the structure of cognition, the process of dialectical integration of different sciences is increasing, the importance of the methodology of systems research is sharply increasing. This emphasizes the importance of the philosophical category of structure to establish the mathematical logic of the model of the studied or controlled process.

The system-structural approach becomes more and more important in the practice of scientific cognition. The theory of management of large systems is formed, including the management of the development of science itself. Mathematization of science is complemented by its cybernetization, which means studying those or other problems in physics, chemistry, biology, engineering and economics from the perspective of information theory, control and feedback theory, using methods of mathematical programming and their integrated application. General models of cybernetic type are forms of the concept of the studied object as a system with a complex network of interrelated elements, properties and functions, which is in deterministic interaction with the environment and as a consequence in the dynamics, development.

The paper assesses the work done by philosophers and natural scientists in the study of the philosophical foundations of cybernetics. It emphasizes that narrower methodological problems are now being brought to the forefront. One such problem is the study of the role of the analogy method in the structure of scientific modeling, in substantiating the methodology of systems research based on modern computational tools and theoretical principles of cybernetics, to which this paper is devoted.

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Blockchain is a technology of distributed storage and data integrity protection, whose name in English means “blockchain. One of the most famous products based on this technology is cryptocurrency, including bitcoin.

Due to the fact that blockchain technology is popular and in demand in the software development market, the issue of training young specialists in this field becomes relevant. When considering blockchain as an educational unit, it is worth considering that this technology is very flexible and can include dozens of different variations, each of which solves the problems of a certain problem area. First of all, it is necessary to provide in a clear and simple form the fundamental concepts of the technology in question. To facilitate trainees’ understanding, a simplified model should be provided for review that depicts standard blockchain structures and operations. At the heart of each blockchain, based on its name, are blocks that are linked together in a chain by a digital cryptographic signature, a hash. Each block carries information, the nature and quantity of which depends on the task assigned to the system, as well as the hash of the previous block, which allows to create a connected chain. It is also important for all systems to have a Nonce value, the calculation of which is called mining.

It is also worth noting that mining operations are very demanding on computing resources. In the computing machines of real blockchain networks, a lot of video cards are installed, which are necessary for fast calculation of a large number of hash functions. Such machines are very expensive, but their use is not necessary in the early stages of learning. For a user who is new to the technology, it is hard to understand the basics of how the system works in a live example, and to achieve the right level of visibility, the blockchain system must be implemented as software with a user graphical interface. Such a solution would allow the user to change the data within the blocks and observe how the system reacts to those changes. This and other factors indicate that there are several functional features that should be present in the software, namely:

availability of reference materials;
interface in Russian;
wide set of functions;
the ability to work offline.

It is necessary to develop software, which will include the following features:

the possibility of step-by-step learning, which implies the transition from smaller operations to larger nodes: hash functions, blocks, chains from blocks, chains from blocks distributed on the network nodes, etc;
the ability to work with multiple (at least 3) network nodes, to demonstrate the protection of the network from unauthorized data changes;
a wide set of reference information, which includes terminology, historical reference and mathematical basis of technology;
the ability to configure computed hash functions, to work load reduction and acceleration of the calculator.

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Play accompanies a person throughout his life. Play in childhood adolescence, play adults. There are a variety of games: sports, military, gambling, etc. The development of technology has led to the creation of the game industry – computer. And now we are already talking about the next generation of computer technology – virtual and augmented reality.

Issues of informatics, cybernetics, programming, computer engineering and automation are widely covered in special and popular scientific literature, in the periodical press. The task of the world industry is to provide developers and users with sufficiently powerful computers and relevant peripheral devices as soon as possible.

The share of purely computational tasks in machine time is now only a few percent, although in this direction too the capabilities of computers are continuously growing. In order to evaluate the computer as a partner of man in games, let us compare their capabilities.

A human being receives genetic information at birth, which determines the development of his abilities. For example, a person’s ability to communicate by speech is genetically determined by the development of the most complex auditory analyzer, which includes perfect inner ear systems and millions of brain neurons.

The computer is created by the people who design its hardware. Modern processors contain millions of basic elements (transistors). In addition, despite the development of artificial intelligence systems, it is human beings who create the computer software to solve certain problems. Using off-the-shelf hardware and software, the user controls processes. Unlike man, the computer is rapidly improving: a hundred years ago there were no computers, while man has existed for millions of years.

Thus, both human and computer begin their development on the basis of information embedded from outside, but for human it is genetic information and for computer it is information embedded in it by hardware and software developers.

In general, modern computers have virtually the same channels of communication as humans. They can hear, speak and see, the only things that are not quite accessible at this stage of technology development are sense of smell and touch. It should be noted that a computer is able to perceive other information that is not available to a human being in other frequency ranges (for example, it perceives radioactive radiation, infrared images with the help of special sensors, etc.).

Man is endowed with what is commonly called intelligence and intellect. It is difficult to say this about computers, especially when it comes to intelligence. There is a lot of talk these days about artificial intelligence. In fact, the questions of machine intelligence and reasonableness were, and still are, deeply philosophical. Modern neural networks are a perfect demonstration of the ambiguity of the definition of these concepts and incomparability of human and machine capabilities.

Modern computing systems are continuously included in the system of human communication. Day and night, weekdays and holidays, they draw information from continuously operating communication systems, They index (“read”) books and periodicals, “listen” to radio data channels, “browse” broadcasting systems (both analog and digital, including streaming services), continuously process and generalize information and on this basis solve (or help solve) the most complex tasks, which in fact are no longer fully solved by humans with an acceptable accuracy. We can say that the modern world is extremely dependent on computer technology and this dependence is only increasing. Decision support systems and big data analysis are the modern wave that will tear down the first boundaries in the structure of man-machine society.

Fifty years ago, the world-famous Disneyland was built in the United States under the direction of Walt Disney, equipped with moving robots with hardwired programming. The robots moved, spoke, manipulated various objects, many of them very similar to humans. This direction was called audio-animatronics. Movable robot mannequins still make a big impression on many visitors to Disneyland.

New generations of robots with adaptive behavior, equipped with artificial vision and voice communication systems, advanced tactile and remote sensors, multiprocessor computing systems, in the near future will be partners of people in games, both table and mobile, such as sports.

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